Local and Regional Forces - 2456 Words

Section B. Is local diversity a product of regional forces, local forces, or both, and how might we know? In ecology, the change in species diversity across space and time is one of the oldest studied subjects, however the underlying causes of many diversity patterns is under much debate (Field et al. 2001; MacArthur, 1972; Rosenzweig, 1995). How does diversity arise (Erwin 1991)? How is diversity distributed in space (Dean et al. 1997, Fonseca et al. 2000)? And how is diversity maintained (Lande, 1988)? Are three fundamental questions that ecologist look to answer. Early studies focused around the role of competition in determining diversity at local scales, today however it is emphasized that many factors on top of competition, such†¦show more content†¦This problem may be avoided with the use of defining and measuring regional species pools (Srivastava, 1999) as well as other effective methods for avoiding such pitfalls. (Belmaker amp; Jetz, 2012; Harrison amp; Cornell, 2008, Partel, et al. 2011) in future studies. By expanding on the understanding of the local and regional relationships on diversity patterns it can be demonstrated that there is a partnered balance between (Cornell amp; Harrison2008; Ricklefs, 2007) local forces such as competition and disturbances, and regional factors such as climate history, evolution and migration all influencing species diversity and regulating species richness within a pool/community (Blenckner amp; Hillebrand 2002) Cornell and Lawton 1992, Huston 1999). References Ackerly, D.D., Adler, F., Agrawal, A. A., Arnold, E.A., Caceres, C., Doak, D.F., Hudson, J., Maron, J., Mooney, K.A., Post, E., Power, M., Stachowicz, J., Strauss, S., Turner, M.G. amp; Werner, E. (2007). Filling key gaps in population and community ecology. – Front. Ecology Environment. 5: 145–152. Allen, A.P., Brown, J.M., Bush, M.B., Cornell, H.V., Harrison, S.P., Hurlert, A.H., Knowlton, N., Lessios, H.A., McCain, C.M., McCune, R., McDade, L.A., McPeek, M.A., Mittleback, G.G., Near, T.J., Price, T.D., Ricklefs, R.E., Roy, K., Sax, D.F., Schemske, D.W., Schluter, D., Sobel, J.M. amp;Show MoreRelatedLocal and Regional Forces2472 Words   |  10 PagesSection B. Is local diversity a product of regional forces, local forces, or both, and how might we know? In ecology, the change in species diversity across space and time is one of the oldest studied subjects, however the underlying causes of many diversity patterns is under much debate (Field et al. 2001; MacArthur, 1972; Rosenzweig, 1995). How does diversity arise (Erwin 1991)? How is diversity distributed in space (Dean et al. 1997, Fonseca et al. 2000)? And how is diversity maintainedRead MoreUnited States Southern Command ( Southcom ) Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) has been working to build regional and interagency partnerships to ensure the continued stability of the Western Hemisphere and the forward defense of the U.S. homeland for more than fifty years. U.S. Southern Command is responsible to the Secretary of Defense and the President of the United States for national security interests through roughly one half of this hemisphere – 31 countries, 16 dependencies and areas of special sovereignty, and approximatelyRead MoreThe Le vels Of The Uk Government Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The levels of the UK government: European Parliament National/Central Government Regional Government Local Government What is the European Parliament: The European parliament is an elected parliamentary institution of the European union (EU) which was formed on November 1st 1993, they mainly focus on functions like legislation within the 28 member states that form up the European union to help sustain, control and create a political and economic community throughout Europe, theRead MoreThe League Of Nations1522 Words   |  7 Pagescreated in 1919 failed to prevent a second World War, nations –states have succeeded to create functional organizations which are more or less successful in setting a secure environment for humanity. Those organizations can be international, regional, and sub-regional. The United nations, (UN), the African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) are some of them. They all embody the will to ensure and promote peace and security in their different areas of competency. PracticallyRead MoreAn Approach to the Regional Neoliberal Governance in Southern Africa from a Critical Perspective1177 Words   |  5 PagesAn approach to the regional neoliberal governance in Southern Africa from a critical perspective. In order to examine the possible implications of neoliberalism in contemporary Africa, an analysis based on a regional dimension is important. The multiplicity of strategies and methods of governance in a specific regional context can appear merging, mingling or even clashing, since regions can be understood as political and social projects, where different actors act in favour of the maintenanceRead MoreCase 4 Ludbeck V11166 Words   |  5 Pagesmultinational company, the South Korean unit is yet very small in revenues and size. Lundbeck has $1.5B in revenues and $240M in operating profits, employs 5,500 people and has its own sales force in 55 countries. To manage the business, the company organized itself by regional structures, leveraging regional efficiency and market knowledge. The South Korean unit, however, is comparatively very small. It had $22M in sales in 2005, which represents less than 1.5% of company revenues, and employed 50Read MoreResponsibilities Of The Different Levels Of Government1340 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibilities of the different levels of government as well as explaining how these responsibilities are managed and expressing my own opinion. The main levels of government are: European government, central government, devolved parliament and local authorities. These all have different roles, making decisions that show the views of the people they represent. European Government The European Government has legislative, supervisory, and budgetary responsibilities. It has a large impact on EuropeanRead MoreCumberland County Case Study1377 Words   |  6 Pagesmitigate hazards. These tools assist the county in developing responsibly and encouraging smart safe growth. Additionally, local rules and regulations will reduce overall hazards and encourage public safety as areas are developed. Medical Assets and Partnerships Currently, Cumberland County is supported by three major medical facilities; Level III hospital, Carlisle Regional Medical Center, and a Level II Trauma Center, Geisinger Holy Spirit located near Camp Hill. Additionally, the state of PennsylvaniaRead MoreThe Defense Cooperation Of The United States1709 Words   |  7 Pagesoffered and initiated some of the defense cooperation programs with Croatia before the end of hostilities in the region. Throughout the cooperation, different terms were used, like Train, Advise, and Equip foreign armed forces, or the terms Building Partner Capacity (BPC) and Security Force Assistance (SFA) rather than Security Assistance (SA). According to the Presidential Policy Directive (PPD-23), those defense cooperation programs are being part of the Security Sector Assistance (SSA). In the beginningRead MoreDBQ 7 Years War819 Words   |  3 PagesWorld History DBQ: Analyze connections between regional issues and European struggles for global power in the mid-eighteenth century. Identify an additional type of document and explain how it would help your analysis of these connections. During the mid-eighteenth century, the European was struggling to spread its power in the whole world, especially in Americas and Asia, experiencing various regional issues in economy, diplomacy, and territory with local people. Document 1 6, and 9 are dealing with

Group Observation of Community Group - Emotional Intelligence

Assessment 5: Group Observation Introduction This essay will analyse and observe the group of my family household. Through reflective questions the essay will answer what the goals of the group are, communication within the group, the different roles, the cohesion of the group, the differences, and the leadership within the group. We interact and communicate either in groups or with groups in all area of our lives, whether it is at work or in a household. This usually means you are communicating with a broad range of people, and don’t always interact with these groups in a conscious manner. Some group aspects will be outlined beneath the topic headings and these not only relate to my family household group, but they relate to all†¦show more content†¦If they are unaware of their emotions it can have a negative impact on the rest of the family. To stop any negative impacts they need to monitor their emotions and make corrections to these emotions when needed (Goleman, 1996). 2. Communication What patterns of communication do you see operating within this group? (who is talking to who? Who does most of the talking? What mediums get used? Are both formal and informal channels used?) Ben communicates mostly with Philippa, and Joseph when he’s home. This is because Ben relates to his siblings more than he relates to his parents. He has more in common with his siblings and there is more interesting things he can talk about with his siblings. Joseph and Philippa communicate with all members of the group on a fairly equal level. Marion and Andrew mostly communicate with each other, Philippa, and Joseph when he is home. Marion and Andrew try to communicate with Ben, and he usually communicates back, but when asked a question he rarely elaborates on his answers to make for a good conversation. Not communicating with parents is common in many teenagers (Nelson amp; Lott, 1994). When communicating, 60-70% of the message is communicated through body language (Davidson, 2011). This is through facial expressions, body movements, gestures, eye contact, touch, voice, and the physical space between individuals. ForShow MoreRelatedAdult / Teacher Interaction : A Male And His Date Of Birth915 Words   |  4 Pageslearn society’s values and practices by participating in family, school and community activities. When adults or older children praise, shame, or laugh about a child’s behavior, they are guiding participation by providing a frame of how to behave and how not to behave (Steinberg, Bornstein, Vandell, Rook, 207). 8) Physical Development: †¢ Eric is a male and his date of birth is on 3/12/2011, at the time of the child observation he was four years old and six months. Eric demonstrated small muscle skillsRead MoreSafe Space Report Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesTHE BIG BANG THEORY REPORTING SAFE SPACE’S IN THE COMMUNITY JILLIAN PIKE CONTENTS: 1. Introduction 2. The Big bang Theory, series 1 episode 14 – The Nerdvana Annihilation 3. Literature 4. Observation of The Big Bang episode 5. Analysis of The Big Bang episode 6. Recommendations 7. Reference list INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this report is to determine whether or not the environment within an episode of the television series â€Å"The Big Bang Theory† is considered a safe space.Read MoreThe Importance Of Emotional Intelligence And Communication892 Words   |  4 Pageshave learned no one knows why something is thought or stated; the receiver can only process what is presented void of intent, emotion, history or well meaning. This knowledge has blessed me with an enhanced ability to interface with others. Emotional intelligence and communication are the core elements of all social dynamics, no matter how elemental or intricate. I am intuitive and have always noticed facial expressions, stances, and nonverbal cues to aid me in processing receptiveness or comprehensionRead MoreQuestions On Learning And Leadership Theories1636 Words   |  7 Pageseffective leadership is delivered to followers in organizations for continued progress. The following are example of three paradigms in le adership theories to advance an understanding are McGregor’s (1960) Theory X and Theory Y, Daniel Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence, and Kellerman’s (2008) importance of followership. Theory X and Theory Y McGregor asserted a new paradigm for leadership vice the older view of controlling subordinates (Pinder, 2008). Under this new management approach, McGregor offeredRead MoreKindergarten Classroom Observation Report Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesschool years ( ). The class that was observed consisted of five and six year olds, it was of interest that there were several examples of interactions that could be classified as moral reasoning between the children during ‘free play’ where small groups of 3 or 4 expressed frustration that the rules weren’t being followed. There were two moments in which the teacher became involved to guide the discussion during which the children were allowed to explore their feelings and suggest ideas to resolveRead MoreThe Ethics Of A Business1513 Words   |  7 PagesSome themes I picked out from attending college surprisingly are not scholastic but more practical: the great importance of hard work, how to fail and not be a sore loser, having passion for what you do, and giving back to the community. Working hard has always been a principle that I have felt strongly about. Growing up, my parents had chores for me and my siblings whether it was vacuuming the living room, cleaning the bathroom or washing the dishes. We were expected to work hard daily to maintainRead MoreIntraracial Conflicts: Self Inflicted or Imposed? Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pagesare based on their group membership(s). According to the Social Learning Theory created by Henri Tajfel, â€Å"the groups which people belonged to were an important source of pride and self-esteem.† Tajfel states that identity is formed in three stages: social categorization, social identification, and social comparison. According to Tajfel, social categorization is merely assimilating objects according to similar appearances. This process is also done in formulating groups based on associationRead MoreApex Door Company Training Development Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesassignments, training, assessing and rewarding employees efforts contributory efforts for goal achievement and influences organizational effectiveness. Training can be an effective means of enhancing employees abilities, and to increase emotional intelligence. (George and Jones, 2005, p. 60) Accurate assessment of employee strengths and weaknesses assists the development of an effective training program. Teaching employees how communicate effectively enhances the work environment because thereRead MoreDeveloping A Safe And Healthy Environment1471 Words   |  6 PagesEach child deserves to have the opportunity of growing in a safe and healthy environment. Our province’s dream is to become a global leader in achieving academic abilities in all four domains such as social-emotional, physical, language and cognitive development in each child (Early Learning for, 2007, p. 3). In November 2004, the Ontario administration created a great plan called the â€Å"Early Learning for Every Child Today† (ELECT). By launching this plan, Ontario fulfilled its dream. In additionRead MoreApex Door Company1525 Words   |  7 Pages assignments, training, assessing and rewarding employees efforts contributory efforts for goal achievement and influences organizational effectiveness. Training can be an effective means of enhancing employees abilities, and to increase emotional intelligence. (George and Jones, 2005, p. 60) Accurate assessment of employee strengths and weaknesses assists the development of an effective training program. Teaching employees how communicate effectively enhances the work environment because there

The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 23 Free Essays

Ella We decide to visit Grady before we part ways and head off on our separate adventures. Amy, his nurse, called me and told me that Grady was still in the hospital, but that he was allowed to have visitors. We make the hour drive around the mountains and to Monroe Hospital, trying to enjoy our last few days together. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 23 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s a bright, sunny day, and the trees on the side of the road are green. I hang my head out the window, watching the road, feeling like there’s so much waiting for me in life. â€Å"What are you doing?† Micha teases, turning the music down. â€Å"Trying to be a dog?† I shake my head and look up at the bright blue sky. â€Å"No, I’m just enjoying the nice, warm day.† He laughs at me and turns the music back up. My head remains out the window until we reach town, then I return to my seat. When we pull up to the hospital, blue and red lights light up the parking lot and my stomach constricts thinking about the night they showed up to take my mother’s body away. Micha squeezes my hand, letting me know he’s there for me. â€Å"You ready for this?† I nod and we walk hand-in-hand across the parking lot and through the automatic glass doors. A lot of people are sitting in the waiting room and there is a baby crying loudly on a woman’s lap. The smell of cleaner collides with my nostrils as we walk up to the front desk where a secretary is talking on the phone. She’s young with dark hair woven in a bun on top of her head. I catch her eyes skimming across Micha as she hangs up the phone and turns to us. She overlaps her hands and sets them on the counter. â€Å"Can I help you?† â€Å"Yeah, can you tell us what room Grady Morris is in?† Micha asks with a polite smile. She taps her fingers on the keyboard and then reads the screen. â€Å"He’s on the second floor in room 214.† We nod graciously and head for the elevator. Micha swings his arm around me, guiding me closer as we reach the floor and I slip my hand into the back pocket of his jeans, craving his comfort. When we enter the room, my insides twist until I notice Grady is sitting up in his bed, eating a cup full of green Jell-O. He looks pale under the florescent light, his arms nearly bones, and his eyes are more sunken in then the last time I saw him. A machine is hooked up to him, beeping in the corner, and an IV is taped to the back of his hand. Some of his items from home are hanging on the wall, making them not so bare. Somehow, he manages to genuinely smile. â€Å"Just what I wanted. To see my two favorite people in the whole wide world.† I loosen up and Micha and I pull up chairs beside his bed on opposing sides of one another. Grady pushes the tray out of the way and sets his hands in his lap. â€Å"So do you want to tell me what’s up?† he asks and Micha and I exchange confused looks. â€Å"With the cuddly entrance you two made.† â€Å"Micha made me do it,† I joke, sliding a glance at Micha. â€Å"He was being a baby. Said he needed to be coddled.† Micha winks at me. â€Å"Yep, and you fell for it.† Grady shakes his head and a frail laugh escapes his lips. â€Å"Ah, it’s good to see you two back together.† He grows silent, fixing his attention on me. â€Å"You look happier than the last time I saw you.† â€Å"I am happier,† I tell him, resting my arms on his bed. â€Å"You’re still not there though,† he says with concern. â€Å"I know,† I say. â€Å"But I’ll keep working on it.† He seems content with my answer. â€Å"I have something for you over in the corner.† Micha and I track his gaze to a small box nestled in the corner of the room. I walk over to it and peer down inside. My smile expands as I pick up that broken vase I destroyed when I was a child. It’s black, with a red pattern around the top, but the bottom is shattered out, so it can never hold flowers again. I turn to him with the vase in my hands. â€Å"You kept this?† He shrugs. â€Å"Just because it’s broken doesn’t mean it loses its importance. And I figured I’d give it to you one day when you realized it was okay to make mistakes.† Tears build up in the corners of my eyes. â€Å"Thank you, Grady. And I mean that. Thank you for everything. For giving me a small amount of comfort during my childhood and letting me know that not everything has to be difficult.† â€Å"You’re welcome,† he says simply. I go over to the bed and hug him, trying not to cry, but a few tears slip out and I quickly wipe them away before I pull back. We talk a little more about the stuff we’re doing, then the nurse shows up and shoos us out so she can change his sheets. Micha and I leave, knowing it will probably be the last time we see him again. I cry the whole drive home, clutching on to the broken vase. But with Micha at my side, I know I’ll be alright. Micha â€Å"Now are you sure you packed everything up?† My mom asks for the billionth time. I never told her what happened with my dad. I didn’t want her to have to worry more than she already does. That’s one moment I’ll keep locked away forever. I pick up my guitar case from my bedroom floor and swing my bag over my shoulder. â€Å"Yes, I have everything packed, Mom. Now will you relax? You’re driving me crazy.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† she apologizes. â€Å"Oh wait. Do you have enough money?† I shake my head. The woman’s going to worry herself to death. â€Å"Of course.† Tears puddle in the corners of her eyes and she gives me a hug that nearly squeezes the air out of me. â€Å"Micha Scott you’re the best son a mother could ask for.† I press my lips together, trying not to laugh at her overdramatic reaction. â€Å"I’m going on the road for a few months, mom, not dying.† She pulls away, wiping the running mascara underneath her eyes. â€Å"It doesn’t mean I’m going to miss you any less.† â€Å"Yeah, we’ll see if you say that after I’m back for a week and you’re finding bras in your bed again.† She swats my arm and points at the door. â€Å"Okay, now you can go.† Laughing, I head out the back door. Naomi isn’t here yet, so I sit down on the steps, staring at Ella’s house, wondering if she’s going to come out. She’s never been good at good-byes so when her bedroom window slides open, I’m surprised. But I’m even more astonished when she scales out of the window and down the tree. She has the sexy, strapless dress on, and her auburn hair is covering her bare shoulders. She doesn’t say anything as she flings her arms around my neck. Her breath is hot against my ear and she buries her face into the side of my neck. I drop my guitar case and bag to the ground, pick her up, and embrace her with everything I have in me. â€Å"I’m going to miss you,† she whispers softly. I run my hand up and down her back, shutting my eyes, and breathing her in. â€Å"It’ll be okay. I’ll be back and annoying you before you know it.† She looks at me with her big green eyes and then seals her lips over mine, kissing me indefinitely. My hands feel every part of her body, memorizing every curve, and the smoothness of her skin. I back us up against the tree into the shade, and slip my hand underneath her dress, feeling her there too. â€Å"Alright Romeo, it’s time to go.† Naomi honks the horn of the SUV. Sighing heavily, I release Ella and she puts her feet back on the ground. â€Å"I’ll call you every day.† I kiss her one last time, then get into the car. She watches me the entire way down the driveway, with her arms folded, fighting to stay composed. When we turn onto the road she walks to the end of the driveway, keeping her eyes on me for as long as possible. But eventually we slip away from each other. How to cite The Secret of Ella and Micha Chapter 23, Essay examples

Coercive Power Essay Sample free essay sample

Definition: â€Å"A signifier of influence through which the employee obeys. but merely because of the presence of threats† ( Satterlee. 2009. p. 111 ) . Summary: The article I chose was â€Å"The intersection of power. trust and provider web size: deductions for supplier public presentation. † by Bryan Ashenbaum and Regis Terpend ( 2012 ) . The article examines the decussate effects of power. trust and provider web size on the five dimensions of provider public presentation. The five dimensions are bringing. quality. cost. invention and flexibleness. In measuring the statistics. the article claims that coercive power shows a negative relationship with provider quality and invention. It besides states that referent power shows a positive relationship with all dimensions of provider public presentation. and legitimate power shows a positive relationship with provider bringing. cost and flexibleness. The supplier’s trust in the purchaser besides shows a positive relationship to all of the provider public presentation dimensions. While exhibiting no chief effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Coercive Power Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page provider web size moderates these power-performance relationships. The survey basically says that choosing the right figure of providers may hold a considerable consequence on the relationship between power. trust and public presentation in buyer-supplier relationships. Discussion: As stated before. Coercive Power is â€Å"A signifier of influence through which the employee obeys. but merely because of the presence of threats† ( Satterlee. 2009. p. 111 ) . Basically. a foreman could utilize his or her power to coerce employees to make their work. A foreman may coerce an employee to execute by endangering to utilize that power against them. A foreman could convey up menaces such as the possibility of firing the employees or even docking them wage. The article I chose. â€Å"The intersection of power. trust and provider web size: deductions for supplier public presentation. † by Bryan Ashenbaum and Regis Terpend ( 2012 ) . evaluates the statistics involved when foremans utilize the different types of power. The article states â€Å"The usage of coercive power–essentially the devising of threats–showed a important connexion to poorer quality and invention public presentation in the whole-sample model† ( Ashenbaum and Terpend. 2012 ) . These statistics reflect that utilizing coercion to act upon employees merely affects employees negatively. Furthermore. it states â€Å"It is possible that when the buyer–supplier relationship moral force is characterized by coercion. the provider is disinterested in sharing new inventions or in supplying new ideas† ( Ashenbaum and Terpend. 2012 ) . The usage of coercion is mentioned several times in the Bible. Ezekiel 34:21 ( English Standard Version ) states â€Å"Because you push with side and shoulder. and push at all the weak with your horns. boulder clay you have scattered them abroad. † In this case. the word â€Å"push† is synonymous with coercion. This poetry tells us that the usage of coercion will clearly non convey your employees closer. but alternatively rupture them apart. A perfect illustration of coercive power at usage in the Bible is found in Daniel 3. In this transition. Nebuchadnezzar demanded everyone in his land to idolize the aureate statue of himself. He declared that whoever did non bow down to his statue would be thrown into the ardent furnace. This is a definite portraiture of coercion. Nebuchadnezzar brought his topics the menace of certain decease if they did non make as he demanded. From these points. I believe it is clear that the usage of coercive power is non an effectual manner to take. A foreman who coerces his employees to work does non convert his employees to work expeditiously. and besides distances himself from his employees. This is affirmed non merely in the scholarly articles. but besides in the most of import beginning of all. the Bible. Mentions Ashenbaum. B. . A ; Terpend. R. ( 2012. July ) . The intersection of power. trust and provider web size: deductions for supplier public presentation. Journal of Supply Chain Management. 48 ( 3 ) . 52+ . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //go. galegroup. com. ezproxy. autonomy. edu:2048/ps/i. make? id=GALE % 7CA302115384 A ; v=2. 1 A ; u=vic_liberty A ; it=r A ; p=ITOF A ; sw=w Satterlee. A. ( 2009 ) . Organizational Management and Leadership: A Christian Perspective. Roanoke: Synergistics Inc.

The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model

Introduction One of the most epic accomplishments of the 21st century was the invention of the computer and the subsequent creation of computer networks. The interconnection capability of computer systems is arguably the feature that makes them most versatile and invaluable to their users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With this realization, many manufacturers in the early days of computing set out to develop devices that could be used in internetworking. At the onset, various manufacturers designed network architectures that were specific to their devices leading to a lack of interoperability between devices by different manufacturers (Wetteroth 4). This was very inefficient and as such, there arose a need to come up with a common standard which would guarantee the seamless interconnection of various heterogeneous arch itectures. The International Standards Organization (ISO) was therefore formed as a body charged with developing and publishing international standards. This body came up with the Open Systems Interconnection referencing model (OSI). This paper shall set out to explain the components of the OSI reference model as well as the need for adopting the standard. Importance of the Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model The OSI reference model was produced in 1974 by the ISO encourages the creation of network equipment that is non-proprietary in nature by the various vendors in the field (Wetteroth 4). This model consists of seven layers with a description of the services that each layer must provide to the layer above it. An important point to note is that the OSI model is not a specific network architecture but rather a description of what each layer must do. As such, manufacturers are required to use this as a guideline when coming up with their own specific network architecture. Any device that conforms to the OSI standard is guaranteed to be able to communicate with another device that meets the same standards and functionality of devices is also Operating System independent. This results in great interoperability of the various network devices. In coming up with the various layers of the OSI, various principles were considered. Most notably, it was seen as necessary for each layer to have well defined functions; these functions had to be chosen in a standardized manner and the boundary between them was such as to minimize data flow through the interfaces. As a result of this, the model allows for the investigation of various network errors which would otherwise be very hard to find without the existence of layering as outlined in OSI. The seven layers of the OSI model Figure 1. The Open Systems Interconnection reference modelAdvertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Source: The Manual Page The different layers of the OSI model. 2009. Layer 7: The Application Layer This layer is the interface between the user and the network. The application layer â€Å"controls how the operating system and its applications interact with the network† (Hallberg 32). The functions of this layer include providing application programs with access to the network, control of data flowing through and the recovery from any error that might occur. At the application layer, the data been sent is encapsulated with an application header and the application data which constitutes the data being sent through the network. The protocols that exist at this layer include Telnet, FTP, SMTP and HTTP. The data transmission process begins with this level receiving data from the user application. Layer 6: The Presentation Layer This layer provides certain functionality which result in readability of data for the application layer. This is done through a number of coding a nd conversion functions which result in information that can be read across systems. The layer â€Å"transforms the data from the session layer to provide a standard interface for the application layer and from the application layer to a network format† (Lowe 397). The presentation layer in essence takes the data from the lower levels and puts them into a format that an be understood by the system. Hallberg reveals that some of the functions that take place at the layer include: compression and decompression as well as data encryption and decryption (31). In addition to this, this is the layer responsible for setting standards for different systems.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Layer 5: The Session Layer This layer controls the various sessions between communicating devices by establishing, maintaining, and whe n communication is over, terminating the connection between the communicating devices. This layer performs negotiations between the communicating devices on issues such as flow control and user identification and authentication on the network (Hallberg 30). The Session layer also delegates who is to send or receive data at a given time and goes on to stipulate as to how long this will take place. The session layer allows for graceful closure and provides synchronization services. Layer 4: The Transport Layer The transport layer provides data transfer between communicating users by managing flow of information from one node to the other. This transfer is transparent in nature thereby the higher level layers need not concern themselves with the specifics. This layer also manages the flow of data and divides the streams of data into packets which are reassembled at the other end. At this layer, data is segmented and a TCP header placed at the end of each segment. This header includes c ontrol information such as start and end flags so as to enable the recipient to establish the size of the message (Lowe 397). Sequence information is also provided so that even if data is transmitted non-sequentially, it can be reassembled back to the original form in the right order. This layer ensures that the all the data packets sent are received and that they are decoded in the proper sequence. The two major protocols which function at this layer are TCP and UDP. Layer 3: The Network Layer This layer provides the functional means of transferring data sequences of varied lengths from source to destination (Lowe 397). The packets of data obtained from the session layer are segmented into frames and their logical addressing is done. This layer covers the issue of addressing and routing. At the network level, an IP header is added. This makes the segments packets. The header information at this layer includes the IP address of the source and the destination. This is necessary for t he logical-physical address mapping routers use this information to forward data to the required destination. This is done by translation of the IP address and MAC addresses. The network layer relies on the routing information provided to send individual packets to the correct destination and to notify the recipient of the source from which the packet originated. Layer 2: The data-link layer This layer turns the frames provided by the network layer into raw bits of zeros (0) and ones (1) in readiness for transmission at the physical layer and reconstitutes them to frames at the other end.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The data link layer encapsulates a header which contains LLC information identifying network layer protocols, Frame check sequence for error checking and the MAC address of the source and the destination. As such, at the data link layer a frame contains a header which has the IP address, MAC address and various control information (Lowe 398). This information is necessary for hubs and switches to enable them tell where to forward information. The Data Link Layer ensures that there is an error-free communication between the two communicating nodes and as such, if any error is detected, the layer requests for a retransmission of data from the transmitting node. The error detection mechanism method employed by this layer is the Frame Check Sequence. Layer 1: The physical layer The physical layer is responsible for the â€Å"transmission of the streams of bits through a physical media† (Wetteroth 3). This may be through a sequence of electrical impulses or through light variation s. Wetteroth states that the Physical Layer specifies the attributes of the physical medium that will be used for network communication (3). As such, definition of how the physical cable is attached to the Network interface Card is provided at this layer. In addition to this, the layer is also responsible for monitoring data error rates. Hubs, repeaters, network adapters perform on this level. Memorizing the Seven Layers To enable me memorize the seven layers, I have come up with a simple mnemonic which is fairly easy for me to remember: â€Å"Please Do Not Take Salty Pork Always† The first letter to every word in my formulae represents a level in the OSI reference model starting from Layer 1 all the way to Layer 7. Conclusion This paper set out to perform a concise yet informative research on the OSI (Open System Interconnect) standard model that was created by the International Standards Organization. The paper began by reaffirming the need for standardization in the comput er network industry. From the discussions provided, it has been seen that without standardization, the industry would have been full of devices that cannot interoperate which would greatly limit the choice for consumers since they would be forced to buy all devices from one vendor so as to avoid running the risk of devices not working together. From this paper, it is also clear that the OSI reference model plays a crucial role in ensuring interoperability among various networking devices. Works Cited Hallberg, Bruce. Networking, A Beginner’s Guide, Fifth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional, 2009. Print. Lowe, Doug. Networking For Dummies. For Dummies, 2007. Print. The Manual Page. The different layers of the OSI model. 2009. Web. Wetteroth, Debbra. OSI Reference Model for Telecommunications. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2001. Print. This research paper on The Open Systems Interconnection Referencing Model was written and submitted by user Jeremiah W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Parthians as Intermediaries in the Silk Trade

The Parthians as Intermediaries in the Silk Trade The ancient Chinese invented sericulture- the production of silk fabric. They opened the silkworm cocoon to extract silk filaments, twisted the threads, and dyed the fabric they produced. Silk fabric has long been prized, and correspondingly expensive, so it was a valuable source of revenue for the Chinese, so long as they could monopolize production. Other luxury-loving people were eager to prise their secret, but the Chinese guarded it carefully, under pain of execution. Until they learned the secret, the Romans found another way to share in the profit. They manufactured silken products. The Parthians found a way to profit, too by serving as middlemen. The Chinese Monopoly on Silk Production In The Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa A. D. 90-130, J. Thorley argues that the Parthians (c. 200 B.C. - c. A.D. 200), serving as trading intermediaries between China and the Roman Empire, sold fancy Chinese brocades to Rome and then, using some deceit about silkworm cocoons in the Roman Empire, sold re-weavings of gauzy silk back to the Chinese. The Chinese, admittedly, lacked the technology for the weaving, but they might have been scandalized to realize they had provided the raw material. The Silk Road Prospered Although Julius Caesar may have had silk curtains made from Chinese silk, silk was in very limited supply in Rome until the time of peace and prosperity under Augustus. From the late first century to early in the second, the whole of the silk route was at peace and trade prospered as it never had before and never would again until the Mongol Empire. In Roman Imperial history, the barbarians kept pushing at the borders and clamoring to be let in. These would-be Romans had been displaced by other tribes further out. This is part of a complicated stream of events that led to the invasions of the Roman Empire by Vandals and Visigoths, nicely treated in Michael Kulikowskis The Gothic Wars. The Barbarians at the Gates Thorley says that a stream of similar border-pushing events led to the efficiently functioning silk route of the period. Nomadic tribes called the Hsiung Nu harassed the Chin dynasty (255-206 B.C.) into building the Great Wall for protection (like Hadrians Wall and the Antonine Wall in Britain were supposed to keep out the Picts). Emperor Wu Ti forced out the Hsiung Nu, so they tried to get into Turkestan. The Chinese sent forces to Turkestan and took possession of it. Once in control of Turkestan, they built trade route outposts from North China to the Tarim Basin in Chinese hands. Thwarted, the Hsiung Nu turned to their neighbors to the south and west, the Yueh-chi, driving them to the Aral Sea, where they, in turn, drove out the Scythians. The Scythians migrated to Iran and India. The Yueh-chi later followed, arriving in Sogdiana and Bactria. In the first century A.D., they migrated into Kashmir where their dynasty became known as the Kushan. Iran, to the west of the Kushan empire , came into Parthian hands after the Parthians wrested control from the Seleucids who ran the area after the death of Alexander the Great. This meant that going from west to east in about A.D. 90, the kingdoms controlling the silk route were only 4: the Romans, the Parthians, the Kushan, and the Chinese. The Parthians Become the Middlemen The Parthians persuaded the Chinese, who traveled from China, through the Kushan area of India (where they presumably paid a fee to allow them to travel through), and into Parthia, not to take their merchandise further west, making the Parthians middlemen. Thorley provides an unusual-looking list of exports from the Roman Empire that they sold to the Chinese. This is the list that contains the locally acquired silk: [G]old, silver [probably from Spain], and rare precious stones, especially the jewel that shines at night, the moonshine pearl, the chicken- frightening rhinoceros stone, corals, amber, glass, lang-kan (a kind of coral), chu-tan (cinnabar?), green jadestone, gold-embroidered rugs, and thin silk- cloth of various colours. They make gold-coloured cloth and asbestos cloth. They further have fine cloth, also called down of the water- sheep; it is made from the cocoons of wild silk-worms. They collect all kinds of fragrant substances, the juice of which they boil into storas. It wasnt until the Byzantine era that Romans really had their own silkworms. SourceThe Silk Trade between China and the Roman Empire at Its Height, Circa A. D. 90-130, by J. Thorley. Greece Rome, 2nd Ser., Vol. 18, No. 1. (Apr. 1971), pp. 71-80.

Balanced Scorecard Assignment and Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Balanced Scorecard Assignment and Paper - Essay Example The report will also define the segments which need to be addressed by the baby shop in order to enhance its business. The balanced scorecard is an extension of traditional financial measures. Financial measures are solely not enough as they only provide information about the past events. These were applicable for the companies in the industrial age when investments in long-term capabilities and customer relationships were not given any preferences. In the modern technological age only financial measures are not adequate. In order to remain competitive and successful in business it is important for a business to create future value through investment in customers, suppliers, employees, processes, technology, and innovation."Â   (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2009)Â   c. Customer value: Continuous customer support through online and telephonic support. With the changing business attitudes a need of rebounding between the customers and the business corporations is also felt. The call centers are seen as an important instrument in order to explain the sales executives what is being required by the customers in shape of products and services and hence improving the sales by targeting the actual requirements of the customers. The following advantages are attached with the use of call centers There must be a continued effort to improve all business and production processes. Quality improvement projects, such as on-time delivery, order entry efficiency, billing error rate, customer satisfaction, cycle time, scrap reduction, and supplier management, are good places to begin technical techniques such as SPC, benchmarking, quality function deployment, and designed experiments are excellent for problem solving. Employee involvement should be encouraged on every step of organisational planning, from decision making to implement change in the organisation. A program can be found effective when the employers guarantee the involvement of the employees at each